The Scream by Edvard Munch is one of the most iconic artworks in history, symbolizing modern existential angst and the profound anxiety of the human condition.
Created in 1893, this haunting image has transcended the art world to become a cultural phenomenon, inspiring countless interpretations and adaptations.
Behind its swirling sky and the ghostly figure lies a wealth of intriguing stories, from its real-life inspiration and hidden inscriptions to its history of theft and its record-breaking auction price.
Here are 10 fascinating facts that delve deeper into the legacy and mystery of The Scream.
The Scream Facts
1. There are Multiple Versions
Edvard Munch created several versions of The Scream, highlighting its importance in his body of work. There are two painted versions, completed in 1893 and 1910, along with two pastel versions and several lithographs.
The 1893 version, which is the most famous, is displayed at the National Gallery in Oslo, Norway. Each version has subtle differences, offering unique interpretations of Munch’s vision of existential angst.
The painted versions use vibrant colors and swirling forms, while the pastels introduce softer tones. The lithographs, on the other hand, allowed Munch to reproduce the image widely, helping to cement its status as an icon of modern art.
2. Not Just a Painting
Beyond the painted and pastel versions, Munch also created a lithograph of The Scream in 1895. This version enabled Munch to produce black-and-white prints of the artwork, contributing to its widespread recognition.
The lithograph also allowed Munch to bring his work to a broader audience, as prints could be distributed and sold more easily than paintings. This reproduction method helped The Scream become one of the most recognized images in art history, bridging the gap between fine art and popular culture.
3. Inspired by Real-Life Experience
Munch’s inspiration for The Scream came from a personal experience. In his diary, he described a walk at sunset when he felt a sudden wave of anxiety. As the sky turned blood red, he stood trembling with fear, feeling what he described as “an infinite scream passing through nature.”
This moment of raw emotion and vulnerability became the foundation of the painting, capturing the sense of inner turmoil and external chaos.
The setting of the painting, with its view of Oslofjord, is thought to be from the road on Ekeberg Hill, adding a geographical and autobiographical element to the work.
4. A Symbol of Existential Angst
The Scream has become a powerful symbol of existential angst and the anxiety of modern life. The painting’s swirling sky and distorted figure evoke a sense of disorientation and fear.
Munch’s use of color and form amplifies the feeling of unease, turning the natural landscape into a reflection of the figure’s inner world.
The painting resonates with the viewer’s own fears and anxieties, making it a timeless expression of the human condition. It aligns with the themes of the Symbolist movement, where artists sought to depict emotional and psychological states rather than literal reality.
5. The Figure is Not Actually Screaming
Contrary to popular belief, the central figure in The Scream is not screaming but is instead covering its ears, seemingly in response to a scream coming from nature itself. This choice adds a layer of complexity to the painting, suggesting that the anxiety and dread are not internal but are a reaction to the world around the figure.
The figure’s pose, with its hollow eyes and open mouth, conveys a silent scream that echoes through the painting’s chaotic landscape. This interpretation shifts the focus from the individual’s expression to the overwhelming force of external stress and existential fear.
6. Theft and Recovery
The Scream has been the target of art thieves on more than one occasion. In 1994, during the Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway, the version housed in the National Gallery was stolen. The thieves left a note reading, “Thanks for the poor security,” but the painting was recovered a few months later.
In 2004, a different version of The Scream and another of Munch’s works, Madonna, were stolen from the Munch Museum in Oslo. This heist was more violent, with armed thieves entering the museum during daylight hours. The paintings were recovered in 2006, albeit with some damage. These thefts only added to the artwork’s mystique and cultural significance.
7. Record Auction Price
In 2012, a pastel version of The Scream set a record when it sold for nearly $120 million at a Sotheby’s auction. This sale made it one of the most expensive artworks ever sold at the time. The pastel version is unique in that it includes a handwritten poem by Munch on the frame, describing the inspiration behind the painting.
The record-breaking auction highlighted the artwork’s enduring appeal and its status as a masterpiece of modern art. The buyer, financier Leon Black, brought renewed attention to Munch’s work and solidified The Scream’s place in art market history.
8. The Sky’s Color Was Likely Influenced by a Volcanic Eruption
One of the most striking features of The Scream is the sky’s intense, blood-red color. Scholars believe this choice may have been influenced by the aftereffects of the 1883 eruption of the Krakatoa volcano.
The eruption sent particles into the atmosphere, creating vivid red and orange sunsets across Europe for several months. Munch may have witnessed such a sunset, translating the extraordinary natural phenomenon into the apocalyptic backdrop of his painting.
This theory underscores how natural events can inspire artistic expression and connect historical occurrences with creative interpretation.
9. Mysterious Inscription
The 1893 version of The Scream contains a small, barely visible inscription in pencil in the top-left corner, reading, “Can only have been painted by a madman.” For many years, experts debated whether this was an act of vandalism or a message from Munch himself. Recent studies using infrared technology have confirmed that the handwriting matches Munch’s.
The inscription likely reflects Munch’s response to early criticism of the painting and his own struggles with mental health. It adds an intriguing layer to the artwork, blending the artist’s personal narrative with the public’s reaction to his work.
10. Cultural Impact
The Scream has left a lasting mark on popular culture, influencing everything from film to fashion. The painting’s haunting image inspired the “Ghostface” mask in the Scream movie franchise, which became an iconic part of horror film history.
It also appears in numerous parodies and homages, including in animated series, advertisements, and internet memes. The screaming figure has been adapted into emojis, bringing its expression of anxiety into everyday digital communication.
The artwork’s ability to convey intense emotion through a simple, yet powerful image has made it a universal symbol of modern anxiety and existential dread.